Essay on Computer Programming Languages Fortran - 1158 Words

Fortran is one of the thousands of different programming languages. A programming language is a set of grammatical rules or guidelines for a compiler to follow. A compiler is a program that converts a programming language into what is called the object code, which is usually binary. Object code is code that the computer or program can understand. Basically, programming languages are for us to be able to create programs and control a computer in a simpler way instead of using what the computer understands, object code. There are different levels of programming languages; the main ones being human language, high-level language, assembly language, and machine language. Human language is the various programming languages we use such as C++,†¦show more content†¦Now that you know the relation between programming languages and computers, let’s take a look at a specific programming language. Fortran is a very popular programming language and has been widely used since its bi rth in 1957. It is one of the oldest programming languages to date. Fortran is used mainly for programs that handle large amounts of numerical data and perform complex scientific computations. The prominent uses of Fortran include computation chemistry, numerical weather predication, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, animal breeding, plant breeding, and element analysis. It has been used for programming air traffic control systems, payroll calculations, video games, numerous other applications and parallel computer research. Fortran is also used to write programs that rate and benchmark the fastest supercomputers in the world. It is one of the most accepted languages when it comes to powerful and complex computing. The idea of the programming language Fortran arose in late 1953. A man named John W. Backus was the man to thank for the invention of Fortran. He was born on December 3, 1924 and died at the age of 82 on March 17, 2007. John was born in Pennsylvania bu t grew up in Wilmington Delaware. He attended Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mathematics in 1949. He then started working with IBM in 1950. His first major assignment he worked on was a program to calculateShow MoreRelatedThe Is The First High Level Programming Language With A Compiler1561 Words   |  7 PagesFortran is the first high-level programming language with a compiler. In 1953, computer programmer John Backus proposed that there be an easier entry of equation into a computer system, specifically IBM’s 704 computer. Backus created a â€Å"dream team† of programmers to complete this long awaited, and much needed, language that would ultimately pave the way for other high-level languages to be created. Since then, Fortran has been through many optimizations to make it useful for the multiple eras ofRead MoreOverview of Computer Programming Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Programming is a big industry. Without it, computers, video ga mes, the internet, and even cell phones would not exist. Jobs are not scarce for computer programming today. Almost everything we use has to do with technology, and computer programmers are needed in order to make the projects happen. Computer programming is one of the more challenging jobs out in the world. Someone who quits easily when things get hard, or when something is not working the way that they want it to, will not succeedRead More Compiler Essay3817 Words   |  16 PagesCompiler, in computer science, computer program that translates source code, instructions in a program written by a software engineer, into object code, those same instructions written in a language the computers central processing unit (CPU) can read and interpret. Software engineers write source code using high level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low level language called machin eRead MoreMy Honor As An Aggie1699 Words   |  7 Pagesmy choice of languages in this report are based on the following criteria: if i had prior knowledge, it was required, or they sounded interesting to me. I did this because I thought it would give me a chance to learn more about languages I have used and learn something new about a language I had no prior knowledge of. 2 Languages 2.1 C++ C++ is a language that was developed by Stroustrup in response to his experience on his Ph.D thesis. It led him to create a more powerful language similar to C withRead MoreComputer Science Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Science Computer science dates back to about 1960, although the electronic digital computer that was the object of its study was invented only two decades earlier. The field of science has grown extensively due to the development of the computer. Computers have moved into every nook and cranny of our daily lives. People use them in education, retailing, law enforcement, transportation, agriculture, homes, medicine, and an endless number of other areas. Scientists have to developRead MoreThe Programming Of Programming Language Generations871 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion (P1.1) 1) What is a programming language generations? The programming language generation is divided in 5 parts: 1 Generation programme language is Machine Language (or Binary) According to (Net industry, 2015) â€Å"First Generation is the lowest level of a computer language.† Computers were programmed by scientists using front control panels equipped with toggle switches in 1940s to 1950s. In First-generation programming language computer (was and still) converting information given byRead MoreWhy Parallel Programming?952 Words   |  4 Pages Nowadays, computers have incredible hardware futures, enabling problems to be resolved faster than before. According to Moore’s Law, the simplified version of this law states that processor speeds or overall processing power for computers will double every two years. Illustration of Moore’s Law 1970-2010 Manufactures were concerned how they could resolve the problem of the transistors over heating as more power generated would increase the temperature of the chips. To resolve theRead More Linux Against Microsoft Window Essays1791 Words   |  8 Pagesoperating systems. Unlike Windows, Linux is a capable of runnig on large variety of computer systems.One of them is Intel Based PCs.Most of the home users prefer Intel Based PCs.So they can run Linux on their computers(Windows can only run on Intel Based PCs).Digital Alpha systems are used by the huge companies.Linux has the capability of running on the Digital Alpha systems so it can reach the advanced users.Other computer system is Macintosh Power PC that is used by graphical designers,press companiesRead More History of C Essay2996 Words   |  12 PagesDaMonMayers Origins of C What are C and OOP? C is an advanced, high-level programming language (â€Å"Computer languages†) that is used to develop powerful applications for Microsoft ® Windows ®, many Linux environments, and other well-known and widely used operating systems. C is quickly becoming the standard language for commercial software development (Oualline). OOP, an abbreviation for object-oriented programming is simply code that â€Å"attempts to place a new layer of abstraction between the programmerRead MorePersonal Statement For A Computer Programmer1064 Words   |  5 Pagesa software/computer programmer. Software programmers do the following, â€Å"Write programs in a variety of computer languages, such as C++ and Java.† That’s not the only thing they do! They also, â€Å"Build and use computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) tools to automate the writing of some code,† which in turn, makes developing a video game easier. In a whole, this is what I want to do with my life, body and soul. â€Å"Create, modify, and test the code, forms, and script that allow computer applications

Epistemology Is The Study Of Knowledge, Or How We Know

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, or how we know anything and what it means to know anything. It is where one can explain how our mind is linked to reality and if these relationships are valid or invalid. In this paper, I will first present the views of Descartes on epistemology. Next, I will clarify his view of God, the body, and the mind. I will also discuss how well Descartes presents the arguments and how well they work for each topic. Lastly, I will discuss my overall agreement with his project for knowledge in general, however, I further discuss a few key components that later philosophers came to add on. Rationalism is an explanation of the world through our minds. Rationalism is a theory of knowledge where the critical†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"As I think about this more carefully, I realize that there is never any reliable way of distinguishing being awake from being asleep.† (57, Mediation One) Descartes writes that he could be dreaming or indeed he could be part of a larger deception that he does not know about. Next, he composes his argument that prepared for his systematic inquiry of disbelief. Descartes converse the possibility his whole life could be a dream with no real world that he may be waking up to. Descartes discussions that the images we have in our dreams are images that we previously had experience with in our ‘waking life’, they are images we are familiar with. These images are not certainly something have seen before, but rather, a part of that real thing that we know that make another image that we have not seen before. The dream argument sends messages that the senses are not dependable, and we can be misled easily by them, consequently, we cannot rely on our senses for our beliefs. This is shown in the First Meditation, â€Å"As I think about this more carefully, I realize that there is never any reliable way of distinguishing being awake from being asleep. This discovery makes me feel dizzy, which it reinforces the notion that I may be asleep!†(58, Mediation One) In the second Meditation, Descartes takes the source of doubt that he necessary need to start, I think therefore IShow MoreRelatedPhil 201 Study Guide Lesson 10 Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesStudy Guide: Lesson 10 What is Knowledge? Lesson Overview With this lesson, we begin a new unit on epistemology, which is the philosophical study of knowledge claims. In this first lesson on epistemology, we begin by examining the question â€Å"What do we mean when we say we know something?† What exactly is knowledge? We will begin with a presentation that introduces the traditional definition of knowledge. Wood then discusses some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology and thenRead MoreEpistemology And Belief Of Epistemology Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pageswriting about knowledge and belief referring to epistemology. I will be answering questions such as, â€Å"What is knowledge† and â€Å"What is belief†. I will also answer other questions related to the epistemology of knowledge and beliefs. Before we get into knowledge and beliefs, we must define what epistemology is and why epistemology is important. What is epistemology? The word itself derives from two Greek words: â€Å"Episteme† meaning knowledge and understanding and â€Å"Logia† meaning science of study. In philosophyRead MorePhilosophy : The Philosophical Study Of Human Values, Epistemology, And Metaphysics1069 Words   |  5 Pageswas strictly the study of space and abstract ideas that I never really gave any attention to. 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In his book, A Virtue Epistemology, he provides the first comprehensiveRead MoreWhat Is Philosophy? How Does It Influence Our Lives?1192 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophy? Why study it? What purpose does it have? How does it influence our lives? According to Google, â€Å"philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.† But how does it influence us? Why should we study it? What purpose will it serve – if we do? Before we can understand the purposes that philosophy will serve. We must first understand why we must study it and how it will influence us. We study philosophyRead MorePhi 208 Final Paper1104 Words   |  5 PagesWhat can we know? Joseph Ransford PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning (GTP1306D) Michele  Clearman-Warner 03/12/13 Epistemology or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy related to the scope and nature of knowledge. The subject focuses on examining the nature of knowledge, and how it relates to beliefs, justification, and truth. Epistemology contract with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. â€Å"Epistemology is the philosophical investigationRead MoreEpistemology Is A Better Choice Over Traditional Epistemology1479 Words   |  6 PagesEpistemology can be split into two areas: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The distinction between the two forms of epistemology is that traditional epistemologists accept what they think they know whereas natural epistemologists put what they think they know to empirical tests. The connotation of ‘empirical’ in this context refers to the methodologies of natural science; specifically, putting theories that we believe to know to scientifi c experimentationRead MoreThe University Students Epistemological Beliefs About Construction And Modification Of Knowledge977 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract 14 sophomores and 22 seniors participated in this study. The goal of this study was to examine whether sophomore and senior level university students differ in their beliefs about construction and modification of knowledge. Students rated their responses to an Epistemological Beliefs (EB) questionnaire on a 5-point Likert-scale. This survey measured students’ beliefs about constructing and modification of knowledge between sophomores and seniors. Results indicated that sophomores have aRead MoreAristotle s Views On Metaphysics And Epistemology783 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jacobs Paper 1- What is Real and How to Know It 10-1-2014 What is Real and How to Know It Throughout time, people have always had varying views and ideas of everything. Through philosophy, these views and ideas can be put into solid words, theories, and assertions. Two very influential and famous philosophers are Plato and Aristotle. Although Aristotle was a student of Plato, they have differing views of metaphysics and epistemology. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy thatRead MoreNaturalized Epistemology Essays1621 Words   |  7 PagesEpistemology can be divided into two parts: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The difference between the two is that traditionalists simply accept what they think they know whereas naturalists put what they think they know to empirical tests. When I say empirical, I mean methodologies of the natural science. In other words meaning putting things we think we know to practical tests to find out if it is true, scientifically. Or to even better understand

How Technology Affects Youth Free Essays

Technology Affects Youth? s Life The young people of today are constantly using technological devices, such as cell phones, X-Boxes, laptops, or iPods. Do you think Technology is effecting our youth today? Do you think it is a bad influence? Do you think it’s becoming a problem with their learning? I think youths are facing a bad moment with the technology without noticing. One effect the technology has is a negative influence on the social lives of youth, because it keeps people from experiencing reality. We will write a custom essay sample on How Technology Affects Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Youth are losing contact face to face because even they are at a party, family reunion or hanging out friends, most youth cannot leave their technological devices on the side and enjoy the moment. If youths are constantly being cut off from people and new experiences because of technology, our generation is dying in social life. If we never face reality by making personal relationships, experiencing things, and solving problems, we will never know how to solve any problem without help of technology. Another effect of technology on youth is youth are no paying enough attention in class or when they are doing homework. Youths are always thinking in what their friend or boyfriend are doing instead of being paying attention to class or homework. Youth has to have balance in how much time to spend on Facebook, YouTube, or any social media. For example youth are allowed to get on any social media but all school work and chorus have to be completed The indiscriminate use of technology is making youth not enjoy the best of life like have a nice moment with their family, friends or boyfriend or girlfriend. In the other hand technology has too many benefits like helps to be in touch with people that are far. Technology is an excellent tool to learn. Youths needs to learn how to uses technology for their own benefits no technology uses youth. How to cite How Technology Affects Youth, Essay examples

Similarities between Beliefs and Philosophies from the World Essay Example For Students

Similarities between Beliefs and Philosophies from the World Essay Religion has always amused me. I have always been curious about the ways of life in a particular religion and their beliefs about God. Point of view has always been important and is supposed to be respected. I was myself involved in many of the family rituals conducted and that always amused me. I come from a family possessing a religious background. I would credit my grandparents for teaching me the Hindu way of life and for teaching to respect other religions and their beliefs, thus giving me a hint of inner spirituality and omnipresence of God. I choose the topic â€Å"Belief Systems† because this is the topic which suits me the most. Clash of ideologies can also cause riots of different beliefs and philosophies. This mostly happens in when a person is fanatic and does not accept the point of view of another person. Clash of different ideologies cause riots in different communities which can lead to various problems, even bloodshed. I majorly focus on the similarities betwe en beliefs and philosophies which may ‘unite’ ideas and create a mutual understanding between communities of different faiths. Introduction: Many religions of the world were formed when people developed various civilizations. Man has always tried to make sense of the world around. One ended up with the result of a supreme power controlling the whole world. Different myths and legends established various legends in different parts of the world accordingly. Later established religions spread across the world. One major cause for the spread of religion was of trade and missionaries. QUESTION: What are the various beliefs held in my community and how do they influence an individual on a minor and a major scale plus what happens when ideologies clash? What are the solutions? International Perspectives: Different belief systems: Belief systems are influenced by the different stories, legends, myths etc. Beliefs differ from place to place, for example majority of the world is dominated by Christians in the Americas and Europe; Muslims dominate most of the Middle East and some parts of Asia; Hindus are distributed in southern part of Asia and Buddhists are scattered through the different are of Asia. Belief system is actually a set of mutually supportive beliefs. The beliefs of any such system can be looked at as religious or as philosophical and are influenced accordingly. Belief systems differ from place to place or country to country. Majority of the world’s population follows different religions and beliefs. Beliefs are mostly linked to spirituality and moral values. Belief Systems held in different in countries Religious beliefs and philosophies differ from country to country. It influences its people, culture, political systems and almost everything. Here is an image showing the distribution of various religions around the world. Religions followed in different countries/ Places: Christianity The Americas and Europe Islam Middle East, Africa and Oceania Hinduism Southern Asia Buddhism East Asia Christianity is followed in majority parts of the world due to its vast influence by the missionaries. It is the most followed religion in the world and thus stands first. Islam is mostly followed in the Middle East and northern Africa as Middle East (Mecca and Medina) is the origin of Islam. Islam is closely linked with Christianity and upholds many similar beliefs accordingly. Majority of the Hindus live in India. It was originated in India and has deep roots in the Indian soil. Hinduism later gave rise to Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism as an offshoot. Buddhism is mainly followed in the east of Asia. This includes the China and Tibet. Buddhism is divided into Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Both of them divide areas accordingly and are scattered throughout the Asian continent. Religions followed across the world Buddhism: India And The United States EssayBeliefs influencing a country’s political system and culture: A religion or belief can strongly influence a country according to its population and the religion that the population follows. For example religion influences a majority of the Middle East. Islam is followed here and the countries follow the Islamic law. Even the culture and heritage here is influenced by the religion. As one moves to Europe, most of the area is dominated by sects of Christianity as the Catholic Church is located here. Even here everything is affected by religion and so in the East. Examples of countries where beliefs/religion influences political system: Country Description Afghanistan Islamic law American British Law after invasion Egypt Islamic law is ensured in Article 2 of the Egyptian constitution. The Gambia English common law, Islamic law and customary law Ghana Based on English common law Iran Shia Islamic law Libya Islamic law Mauritania mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law. Morocco mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law. Nigeria Sharia in the northern states, common law in the south and at the federal level. Oman Sharia and tribal custom laws Saudi Arabia Islamic law Sudan Based on Islamic law Vatican City Based on principles of Italian and canonical law Yemen Islamic law Source: Wipipedia.org Local/National Perspectives: The community where I live am open minded and conflict-free. We have families from different religions and live in harmony with each other. But this is on a minor scale. In a greater perspective or even national or international perspective, riots often break out. This can even affect a peaceful community of different beliefs. In my community, respect is shown to all religions and the people who follow them. This can be a result of globalization, tolerance and open-minded thinking. In India, though riots break out often. This can be a result of the clash of different ideologies. Religious groups often promote themselves through this and try to suppress the other. If a person doesn’t live in harmony, this leads to extremism and is unfruitful for the person and even for the community. Family/Personal Perspectives: I come from a religious Hindu family, the beliefs in my family do not differ from person to person but are the same as a result of living in a civilized society where one’s beliefs are respected, be it even a person from other religion. The society where we live consists of different religions. Beliefs of a person are respected in the society to maintain peace and prevent fights. As a result of globalization, my own beliefs have changed overtime. Open-minded thinking has strongly influenced my beliefs and this makes me show respect to one’s beliefs. The same beliefs are kept by my mates as we are being bought up in the same environment. Though sometimes, one’s belief or ideology clashes with the other and there rises an effective and sometimes even a productive dialogue. This helps the members of the parties to come to a conclusion and change their thinking. But the opposing party must be mature enough to deal with the matter; otherwise the dialogue taking place may be pointless, thus giving the parties an opportunity to waste time. People do have different belief systems; they follow their beliefs and propagate it, but propagation of religion into a community with different beliefs causes clashes. I have seen religious clashes, but people must try to understand one’s beliefs and not be stubborn. REPORT: On basis of my research and the community where I live in, the impact of religion is strong but does not lead to extremism. The various systems do influence ones behavior.

George Orwell Essays (741 words) - British Films, Cold War Films

George Orwell George Orwell George Orwell's Animal Farm is a political satire of a totalitarian society ruled by a mighty dictatorship, in all probability an allegory for the events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917. The animals of Manor Farm overthrow their human master after a long history of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for humans. Little by little, the pigs become dominant, gaining more power and advantage over the other animals, so much so that they become as corrupt and power-hungry as their predecessors, the humans. The theme in Animal Farm maintains that in every society there are leaders who, if given the opportunity, will likely abuse their power. The book begins in the barnyard of Mr. Jones' Manor Farm. The animals congregate at a meeting led by the prize white boar, Major. Major points out to the assembled animals that no animal in England is free. He further explains that the products of their labor is stolen by man, who alone benefits. Man, in turn, gives back to the animals the bare minimum which will keep them from starvation while he profits from the rest. The old boar tells them that the source of all their problems is man, and that they must remove man from their midst to abolish tyranny and hunger. Days later Major dies, but the hope and pride which he gave the other animals does not die. Under the leadership of the pigs, the most intelligent of the animals, they rebel against their human master managing to overthrow him. After the rebellion, under the direction of Napoleon, the most outspoken pig, and Snowball, the most eloquent pig, the animals continue to work the farm successfully. As with all societies, the animals have laws which must be obeyed. Their laws stated that animals shall never become like humans; cruel and manipulative. They shall not wear clothing nor sleep in beds. Most importantly, they are to respect one another's equality and killing another animal is strictly forbidden. Meanwhile, the pigs as leaders are taking bigger food rations for themselves justifying their behavior as something necessary for the brains of their animal society. At this point we begin to suspect that the pigs will abuse their positions and power in this animal society. Mr. Jones tries to reclaim his power but the animals prevent him from doing so in what they call The Battle of the Cowshed. After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones' side. Napoleon is further appreciated by the other animals for exposing and removing the traitor, Snowball, from their midst. Slowly, Napoleon gets a stronger and stronger hold over the other animals, dominating their every action. The situation at Animal Farm, the new name for Manor Farm, really starts to change now. Napoleon moves into Mr. Jones' house, sleeps in his bed, and even wears his clothes. In order to make his actions appear legal, the law had to be interpreted differently, which Napoleon arranged. In defiance of the original laws, Napoleon befriends Mr. Pilkington, the human owner of a nearby farm. Napoleon had such control over the other animals that they accepted such a blatant disregard of their law about fraternizing with humans. The book ends with the pigs sitting at a table, eating with humans. Napoleon announces to those around the table that the name Manor Farm will be reinstated. The humans and pigs converse while the other animals outside look on. They, the lowly creatures according to the pigs and humans, look from pig to man and from man to pig, unable to differentiate between the species. The theme throughout Animal Farm is presented through the allegory of corrupt pigs and the passivity of the other barnyard animals. The humans in the story represent the Russian royal family and aristocracy, tyrants who abused their power with no regard for the peasants who, in essence, supported their royal lifestyle. The pigs represent the Bolshevik revolutionaries who led the masses in rebellion against the Czar and the entire royal family. Unfortunately, as with the pigs, power corrupted and the people were

Homer essays

Homer essays As I explored the Museum of Fine Arts, I came upon a portrait that I enjoyed. As I looked at this work of art longer and longer, I decided I wanted to do my Fine Arts paper on "Driftwood" by Winslow Homer. The painting is located in the Gund Gallery and adjacent to the Fenway stairs. Being secluded because of a beam, much attention is drawn to this magnificent painting. It is especially protected due to its location. In the entrance across the hall sits a security guard watching over the gallery it presides in. This life-like picture spans 24 1/2 x 28 1/2 in. Its frame was wisely chosen and is gold in color. The frame complements the colors used in the canvas. The design of wavy lines in the frame gives not only the frame character, but also the portrait. The painting "Driftwood" takes place in Prout's Neck, Maine. "This is where Homer lived for twenty-seven years before he died. Homer painted "Driftwood" in 1909, the year before he died. This was the last work Homer ever completed (MFA, "Driftwood")." To sum up the painting, a man is trying to save a huge tree trunk that was washed up on rocks next to the raging sea. He looks very wet and the water is dangerously close to him. The trunk is extremely large and I doubt he will ever move the figure with just the rope he has in his hand. I believe that Homer is trying to express determination and the willingness to succeed by showing one man trying to save a very large tree trunk. He adds the stormy weather to show that the man will stop at nothing to do what he believes is right. This is an all out fight between man and nature and unfortunately, nature usually wins. Homer's work for the most part is nonobjective in its subject matter. The rough water shows the power of Mother Nature in a beautiful setting. The green-gray sky portrays a terrible storm hitting the shores. The only piece of this work that may possibly become objective is the fact that the man loc...

Restaurant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant - Case Study Example They are very much open to questions and amidst their Japanese origin, they can remarkably communicate to diners with ease. Aside from being friendly and courteous, staffs should also be complimented because of their efficiency. They cycle tables and deliver orders relatively fast with minimal pitfalls. Staffs never feel to make any customer at home by extending excellent customer service. Japanese are always known to be very concerned about profit maximization without sacrificing quality or detail. Fukuda Restaurant mirrors this commitment through its use of minimalist architecture and interior design which enhances the spirit of simplicity, authenticity, and order. True to the Japanese tradition, the restaurant features long wooden tables and benches with individual tables on the side. The use of earth hues in Fukuda restaurant is very much relaxing compared to the vibrant and screaming colors utilized by most eateries. The combination of brown and the touch of greens enhance the well being of every customer. The cleanliness of the place is treated as a primary concern evident by its being well-maintained and spotless amidst the high number of people who visit the place every day. Lastly, the main attraction of the Fukuda Restaurant is its organic dishes which are surprisingly delicio

CITY BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AVALON, CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CITY BUDGET ANALYSIS OF AVALON, CA - Essay Example 7.3 km of which (2.8 mi) is land and 0.9 km (0.3 mi) of the area (10.48%) is water (U.S. Census Bureau 2000). The process of preparing and presenting a budget for approval and adoption by the Council administration takes various steps. A proper estimate of the available resources with the estimated amounts and the purposes for which the funds are to be deployed effectively are the main considerations for the preparation of any budget. The formal budgetary process encompasses a structure involving the following essential components: The complexity of the budget review process depends on the size of the council for which the budget is being prepared. In some cases the budget responsibilities would be assigned to a chief executive officer for reviewing the requests and present them to the elected board for approval. When the unit is large there may be a separate budget office functioning within the council. In even larger City councils apart from the review by the budgetary office departmental budgets would be prepared and reviewed for appropriate provisions in respect of the individual departments. In the case of the City of Avalon, the City Manager and his office will be responsible for the preparation and presentation of the budget for the approval of the elected council members. Being a small town, there is no necessity to follow an elaborate budgetary process. The process broadly will follow the procedure outlined above and will be reviewed by the elected council members themselves for approval and adoption. 3.0 Strategic Goals and Key Performance Indicators: The administration of the City Councils has become the function of the elected representatives as well as the appointed officials who have to operate in unison with each other's ideas. If they start to function in tangential directions, it will be detrimental to the well being of the city dwellers, as no welfare measures can be undertaken without the concerted action of both these bodies. In order that the mission, vision and value of the city can be accomplished in all intent it is important to adopt certain strategic planning measures encompassing the performance of the city council or the county board as the case may be. Like in any other profit centered organization, the strategic planning helps setting the direction of the council and with the set directions, the elected street-level bureaucrats are motivated to perform at their best efficiency levels to organize the functions and activities of the Council in the direction of the welfare of the people of the City. Establishment of long-term objectives and goals are an essential pre-requisite of any strategic planning. Once the broader goals are established it becomes easier to break down them into smaller performance targets to be achieved by the appointed officials and the representatives. Just as in the case of private organizations strategic goals in respect of

Equal Protection and gender discrimination Essay

Equal Protection and gender discrimination - Essay Example It was therefore wrong for Virginia Military Institute to reserve certain opportunities for just men (Sampson, 2012). Judge Scalia’s dissenting opinion entirely based on the traditions of the country. The American constitution has its foundations in the country’s tradition. He therefore reasoned that it is not right to declare all military schools unconstitutional based on gender equality. For many years, the military schools in the country are male-only based, and they have not faced any challenges whatsoever. He further argues that during the writing of the constitution the founding fathers did not consider the question of education (Sampson, 2012). Military training should be equal to both male and female. Military life is a risky business that puts many lives at risk. It is unfair to go to war with others who have received a better training for the same role that one is expected to play. In fact, the constitution outlines equality rights irrespective of gender. The discrimination has caused difficulty for women to rise in their careers and achieve their dreams despite having the potential to do so (Sampson,

Youth Crime Juvenile

Youth Crime Juvenile Everyone needs proper love and care from his or her parents. Growing up, a lot of changes takes place and come the adolescent period, learning about life takes on full force. This means that a person could either be influenced into taking a positive or negative person in character. This goes to show that juveniles do not turn into criminals overnight. There is always tell-tale signs before anything bad occurs. These youths would have been craving for their parents attention for a long period. Therefore, it is safe to say that more often than not, youths who turn to committing crimes lack parental guidance and attention, thus driven by negative influences to seek attention, fun and cheap thrills through the wrong methods. Juvenile crimes are on the rise these days. Juveniles are law offenders aged mostly from 12-17. However, certain books or journals would state the starting age at 10 and end it at 18. Therefore, there are no exact age group. Instead, a rough estimation that youths are those in their teens. Usually, youths do not commit serious offences. They are more prone to petty crimes like traffic offences, drug addiction, and even illegal immigrants (Kassim n.d.) However, illegal immigrants do not mean that Malaysian youths travel aboard without passports; instead it implies the number of youths who enter the country illegally. Drug offences are also one of the highest because although illegal and a lot are being done to stop it, drugs and narcotics are still, unfortunately, within reach of anyone. This covers trading, transporting, smuggling and even private consumption of drugs. The causes of youths turning to crimes have a wide range of reasons. This includes the internal reasons, which is the background of the individual himself, and the external reasons which is the area he lives in and the peers he mixes with. We start off with the internal reason, which is the individuals background. It has been shown that broken homes are a main factor on why youths rebel and turn to crimes. This is because the child who does not have enough love and care from his family will have low self-esteem, become lonely and will soon develop anger and hatred towards others due to his own lack of guidance (Kassim n.d.). Parents who are too strict or too lenient, despite giving adequate attention to the child too can produce negative attitudes. When a parent is too strict, they have the concept of children should only do as told, not what is right (Wickliffe n.d.). this is because a child that have no say on his own would go out into the outside world and behave as he likes without knowing the consequences of his action. On the other hand, parents who are too lenient too have bad effects on kids. This is because a child who has too much freedom gets away with anything he did easily, no matter how serious his faults are. Next, theres the home environment factor. Homes that are dilapidated beyond the acceptable level causes stress towards the kids, thus causing them to stray outside their homes (Kassim n.d.). They do not feel at ease staying in an uncomfortable house, therefore they go out to release the stress. However, the group of people they meet outside their home is a whole different matter. Once outside their home and away from the watchful eye of their parents, youths tend to hang out with peers of the same fate. This means that the people they mix with are probably also homeless and steal or rob for a living, or are addicts. The financial status of the individual is another major cause for delinquency. Youths who do not come from financially secured families are prone to thefts. Their reasons are that they have to support their families and themselves. Now, we talk about the external factors. Peer influences and the open-ness of the media are also to blame for the rise in juvenile crimes. Peer influences are usually closer to home and places where the youths hang out. Peer influences are very easily absorbed because even a normal youth have troubles fitting into the crowd, what more would a troubled teen feel? In order to be accepted, youths tend to mix around with peers of the same age or group, e.g. same race, background, or even history. The media plays an unfortunately high role in these juvenile crimes because the effects of the programs shown are absorbed in a blink of an eye. The television does not care what ages of audience are watching (Reasons for Juvenile Crime n.d.). The amount of graphic and violent shows aired on TV is enough to tell a child that crimes are a norm in the world. These leads to the children growing up to be youths who want to emulate what they see on TV. Not only that, the youths turn into violent indi viduals and release their anger in a wrong manner. These youths have highly aggressive behaviours. The area that a youth lives in is also another factor to why he turns into a criminal (Milburn 1999). This is because when a person lives in a notorious area, the people living there are the people whom he communicates most. This means that they â€Å"bad† people are your closest friends, thus youd hang out together often, doing things that the majority wants to do, which is more often than not, negative activities. The area alone is never at fault of such delinquencies. It is often coupled with peer influences that, together, group up to be one strong influence. In the long run, the youth who was once innocent, starts to indulge in crimes, starting small, then slowly gathering courage to increase to weight of the crime. There are ways to curb these problems. Firstly, there is the â€Å"start from home† solution. This means that the parents of youths itself should monitor their childrens reaction to anger, distress and negative emotions. Parents should be able to recognise a childs bad behaviour and nip it from the bud. When the problem is identified, it is easier to help the parents help the child. If a child tends to show absolute anger to the slightest thing, then it is best that the child is sent for psychological treatment. Another method is not involving the parents only, but also the school. The schools and higher learning institutions should have stricter rules and regulations (The Solution to Juvenile Crime Is Simple n.d). For example, when a student is absent, the teachers and lecturers should take the initiative to inform parents. They should understand that a child is being placed under their responsibility for a certain period of time in a day. Students who misbehave in schools shouldnt be slapped with penalty points and just forgotten. Parents must be informed. Solutions to these juvenile problems are harder to execute, because the consent of the youth must be gained. Without it, the youth may refuse to receive treatment and therefore not attend the courses prepared. The use of psychologists is usually recommended for anger management. This is a one-on-one process, which is private and personal, thus encouraging the youth to be more honest and open. This would ensure that the youth has the best and professional method of help, instead of just seminars and talks which more often than not, is ignore and attended just because they have to. Next step is usually done when the juvenile is already caught. He is sent for a rehabilitation program (Kassim n.d). This program varies for youths who are already educated from every level and youth who were school drop-outs. This is because fully educated juveniles have a shorter period of rehab and lesser activities. Within this rehabilitation program too, there are character building camps in order to mould the youth into a better person and making him realise that not everything is not correctable. This program also helps them realise that after prison, they will still be able to blend in with the society (Kassim n.d.). Other than professional help, simple things like community programs are also helpful. This is because the juveniles are able to mix around healthily in a safe and good environment. The activities are refreshing and recreational, something very much suitable for the youths who have spent long periods behind bars. Not only do the juveniles have an activity to do, he is also making friends and keeping out of trouble at the same time. This is not only benefiting the parents, but also the society. The society can rest assured that there are steps taken to ensure that a good living environment is catered to them. The conclusion of my research paper is that the steps in preventing these increasing numbers are obviously not sufficient. This is because if the steps and methods used to curb these happenings are working, the numbers would not be increasing and the newspapers would not be printing that much of juvenile cases almost everyday. We should not only rely on the policemen and schools. Instead, the parents and friends of these juveniles should be supportive in helping them believe that they can change their lives, and still be accepted regardless of their past history. The community will be a better place, and so will the country be more peaceful if everyone worked together to ensure that their children does not stray through the wrong path in life. If everyone care and was serious in stopping their children from sitting behind bars, then surely lesser teens would be involved in crimes due to the â€Å"lack of attention† factor. The society should work together in ensuring that the youths of today really become leaders of tomorrow, and that the saying does not become a forgotten theory. If everyone just keep pointing fingers onto one another, nothing will change and the numbers of juvenile delinquencies will just keep on increasing. References: Kassim, Abd Wahab Juveniles on Remand: Trends and Practises in Malaysia Retrieved; November 17, 2007, from http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/PDF_rms/no68/13_Malaysia_p196-208.pdf Wickliffe, Joseph A Why Juveniles Commit Crimes Retrieved: November 17, 2007, from http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/2/00.02.07.x.html#top Five Year Juvenile Delinquency Trends and Conditions Retrieved: November 18, 2007, from http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Research/Trends.html#top Juvenile Justice: Facts And Figures Retrieved: November 18, 2007, from http://www.abanet.org/media/jjqa.html Milburn, Caroline 1999, Leap in violent juvenile crime Retrieved: November 18, 2007, from http://www.fww.org/famnews/0322a.htm Reasons for Juvenile Crime Retrieved: November 18, 2007, from http://www.cyberessays.com/Politics/84.htm The Solution to Juvenile Crime Is Simple Retrieved: November 19, 2007, from http://www.public.asu.edu/~jvanasu/ucai/rose/

Is He or isnt She - Original Writing :: Papers

Is He or isn't She - Original Writing I reach my destination, not really convinced how I should feel, or what I should anticipate! A mid terraced house, unsure of the area, but seems calm. A cold October evening, 5 pm and already the streets are dimly lit, a clear sky above, evidently displaying the dazzling stars that gleam beyond. I approach the house to a very inviting welcome, are they really friendly people or do they not get many visitors? I make my way to the lounge and take a seat, a small table in the corner draped in a lace cloth, a bookshelf that covers one entire wall and bursting to the brim with books. I'm immediately offered refreshments before given the chance to proceed with the interview, "A cup of tea would be great, thanks". Where do I start? A very complicated person, whose life is full of twists and turns. Kris, 5ft 8in tall, medium built with shoulder length hair, the kind of hair I would describe a 60's rock star to have, like Mick Jagger's, the rough and ready look. Born in London, but you wouldn't know by her accent, she has more of a neutral tone. She grew up with the feeling of not belonging! It all started when schooling began, nursery then infants. She just didn't fit in and her parents didn't know what to do. "Send her off to boarding school, that'll change things." I sit there, listening to every word that is spoken to me. She's obviously very wounded and distraught by the whole circumstances, as her parents were going through a divorce at this time, but did her mother really feel that this would be the best option, or was it that she didn't know what else to do, maybe she needed to escape? She sits opposite me, fidgeting, almost non-stop, legs crossed to one side and then instantaneously switching over to the other, arms folded, and the only time they unfolded is to remove the hair in her eyes, or to twiddle uncontrollably with her fingers.

Globalization and Global Warming

Memorandum This memo serves as an informative and analytical document discussing globalizations largest threat – global warming. I will address the following issues: †¢ What is global warming and how is it being caused? †¢ Who is contributing to its advancement? †¢ The threats and consequences of global warming †¢ Recommendations we can do to slow global warming Global Warming and It’s Cause Global warming could have started as early as the 1860’s due to the Industrial Revolution that began after the Civil War. This was a time of invention and creation; where man made machine and machine changed society.Not only did the machine change society, but it also changed the atmospheric gases – more specifically, greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide – known to cause the greatest amount of global warming – methane gas, ozone, and nitrous oxide. These four greenhouse gases act as a blanket over the surface of the earth. As the sun hits the earth’s surface, the heat is reflected back towards the sun. The heat is then contained by the greenhouse gas blanket and warms the earth. Without this blanket, we would live in a very cold world.This atmospheric balance the earth provides is currently being tested by man. What happens when we expel our own greenhouse gases? The ‘blanket’ thickens and it traps in more heat. This extra heat upon the earth’s surface is known as global warming. Therefore, global warming can be defined as the effect that increased greenhouse gases have on the earth’s atmosphere. The increase of greenhouse gases are the result of two economical factors: the burning of fossil fuels for energy, and deforestation for industrialization. The first factor contributes to the majority of the xpelled greenhouse gases – that is: The Burning of Fossil Fuels As globalization spreads and increases industry, it also increases the deposit of pollu ting gases into the atmosphere. One such gas is carbon dioxide. The release of CO2 is more specifically caused from the burning of oil, coal, and gas. These three natural fuels, which are used in manufacturing and industrial growth, have constituted roughly 75% of human generated CO2 emissions expelled into the atmosphere during the past 20 years (IPCC WGI). Here is a graph supporting the increases of CO2:Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the Industrial era [pic] (IPCC Chart 1) As you can see, this graph stops in the year 2000. Assuming there was an energy increase in the past 6 years by rapidly developing nations such as China and India, along with developed nations consistent energy use, we can also assume the CO2 concentration has continued its vertical climb. Deforestation The destruction or clearing (as some companies might put it) of the worlds’ forests are due in most part to agricultural needs and industrialization.Why scientistists agree that this practice is detrimental to the enviroment can be summed up in two ways: 1. trees act like sponges that suck in carbon dioxide and convert it to oxygen 2. when trees are burned, they release the stored carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, adding to the pollution Hence, the more trees that are burned, the less carbon dioxide gets harbored. According to Greenpeace, â€Å"Thirty percent of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere over the past 150 years is thought to come from deforestation, but this is a small amount compared to what is still stored in forests.The Canadian and Russian boreal forests alone hold 40 percent of the world's carbon stocks† (Greenpeace Science). In other areas of the world, carbon stocks are not being contained, but continually released through deforestation. Global Forest Watch, an independent oprganization that provides current information on forest development stated: â€Å"In 2002, about 47% of the Brazilian Amazon was under some type of human pressure; recent estimates comparing this figure with new data from 2005 show that human pressure has increased by 7%† (Global forest watch).Not only are we losing the possibility of finding rare tropical plants that could be converted into pharmaceuticals, but we are also destroying indigenous communities that dot the Amazon rainforest. It is understandable that deforestation is need for civilization, but there are ways we can curb its destruction and preserve the rainforests. Contributors of Global Warming If your means of transportation today did not consist of walking or riding a bike, chances are, you contributed to the burning of fossil fuels. Americans would not be able to survive without the use of fossil fuels.We produce them in our cars, our homes, and even in our waste. The bottom line is: fossil fuels create energy, and we need energy. So, it is not surprising that Americans are responsible for 25% of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, desp ite having only 5% of the world’s population. (Stix 47) This makes America the largest polluter in the world. It is evident that when a country becomes a world leader through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the focus becomes business. The need for business profits by corporations apitalizing on industry have an impact on the environment. Unfortunately, many industries do not take into consideration the effects their business has on the environment. Below is a chart comparing three countries – the United States, Former Soviet Union, and Japan – and their CO2 emissions: [pic] (IPCC Chart 2) In 2005 according to the CIA World Factbook, these same three countries had GDP’s of $12. 3 trillion, $4 trillion, and $1. 6 trillion respectively (GDP). While the U. S. has nearly doubled it’s GDP, you can bet as a developed nation, it has also increased it CO2 emissions.But, developed countries like the United States and Japan can’t be blamed for emitting a ll the CO2 into the atmosphere due to their industrialization. We must also look at developing countries such as China and Brazil who, while aspiring to increase their standard of living, are also increasing their energy use. As these nations develop and increase their industrialization, they inturn release substantial amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. With the ever-increasing CO2 emissions and deforestation, what does it mean for the stability of our enviroment? The Threats and Consequences of Global Warming?The aforementioned greenhouse gas emissions and the deforestation process have been contributing to the global warming crisis. The most recent supporting evidence was reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control (IPCC) in 2001. Established in 1988 due to climate change curiosity, the IPCC is composed of over 2,000 scientists and is regarded as the foremost authority on climate change by the United Nations (Wikipedia IPCC). They concluded, through a 2600 page com prehensive analysis of scientific research, that global warming is in fact caused by CO2 emissions and eforestation. According to the IPCC, the two primary factors of global warming are temperature and sea level. Using the latest research and the current trends in global warming, the IPCC predictions through the end of the 21st century are as follows (IPCC SPM): †¢ A rise of global temperatures from 2. 5 ° to 10. 4 ° F †¢ A rise of Sea levels from 4†³ to 3†² Rising of Global Temperature The effects of this variable are quite profound. Scientists predict it could increase the frequency and magnitude of hurricanes; similar to what happened on the U. S. ’s Gulf Coast in the fall of 2005.They predict it could also do the same to El Nino; which is felt on the west coast – especially in Southern California. Southern California’s fire season begins towards the end of summer, due to the dry climate. In the fall of 2002, San Diego felt the effects of an out-of-control fire. What started as human error, continued for weeks, as brush and forest fires tore through San Diego Country. Its duration and strength was assisted by warm El Nino winds. Since El Nino thrives from available heat, you could say global warming is feeding El Nino’s hunger.In 1998 National Geographic had this to say about El Nino: El Nino’s abnormal effects on the main components of climate—sunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloud formation and ocean currents—changed weather patterns across the equatorial Pacific and in turn around the globe†¦ In the past 98 years there have been 23 El Ninos and 15 La Ninas. Of the century’s ten most powerful El Ninos, four—the four strongest—have occurred since 1980. (Suplee) Considering it is possible global warming energizes the climate event El Nino, it can also melt glaciers.A widespread retreat of non-polar glaciers during the 20th century, and a 10% decrease in world snow cover since the 1960’s was captured by satellite imagery; the shrinking of snow cover and the retreat of glaciers are not expected to slow down during the 21st century (IPCC SPM). Researchers agree that melting glaciers coupled with melting ice sheets, like those covering Antarctica and Greenland, will become significant factors in causing the sea levels to rise. Rising Sea Levels Rising sea levels could devastate coastal tourism spots. This may become a very costly problem for coastal cities.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated a one foot rise along the eastern seaboard by 2050. According to researchers, if this rise were to occur on the west coast, which is more likely than not, California would lose 2-4 feet of beach due to erosion. [pic] (IPCC Chart 3) The EPA also had this to say about rising sea levels: Rising sea level inundates wetlands and other low-lying lands, erodes beaches, intensifies flooding, a nd increases the salinity of rivers, bays, and groundwater tables. Some of these effects may be further compounded by other effects of changing climate.Measures that people take to protect private property from rising sea level may have adverse effects on the environment and on public uses of beaches and waterways. (EPA) Even though the damage to the U. S. ’s coastline would be expensive, planet earth has over 4 billion people outside the U. S. that live on a coastal plain. (Greenpeace Going) Rising sea levels could completely demolish low-lying coastal cities around the world: New York, Miami, Tokyo, San Diego, and London are a few such cities that could experience rising sea levels first-hand.Poor, undeveloped countries that lack technology, would be the ones to lose entire populations from a force that is beyond their control. What can we do to stop this rising tide? Recommendations to Slow Global Warming †¢ Adhere to the Kyoto Protocol †¢ Increase forestation Ky oto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol, which began in 1997, has developed an international treaty to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The overall goal is for countries to lower these emissions to 1990 levels by 2008. For the policies to take effect, 55 countries that accounted for at least 55% of the greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 must ratify the protocol.The founders of the Kyoto Protocol – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), require countries that have ratified the protocol to: †¢ Enhance energy efficiency methods on the countries largest polluters †¢ Tax economic sectors that are the countries largest polluters †¢ Research, develop, and implement new forms of energy †¢ Promote forestation (UNFCCC) Only a few countries have said â€Å"no† to this protocol. Unfortunately, the United States is one of those countries. As a world leader, we should ratify the Kyoto Protocol and enforce its requirements on our industry.Our governmen t could give tax cuts for companies utilizing new technology with a low-carbon output. This technology could be in the form of: hydro-electric, wind, or solar power. We could also enforce strict pollution policies to regulate and limit what can be released into the environment. Other enforcements could be directed at absorbing the CO2 in the atmosphere through forestation. Increase Forestation Forests act as sponges to suck up, or decrease, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Curtailing the lumber and logging industry in the U. S. is a first step towards increasing forestation.This is especially true of the industries in and around the Amazon. Because rainforests are denser than ordinary forests, they absorb much more carbon dioxide. Plus, the rainforests trap in precipitation to prevent flooding, and preserve bio-diversity and indigenous cultures. Another, more realistic approach is to plant trees and re-grow the forests. One example of this approach is happening in China. Due to deforestation, the Chinese government requires those between the ages of 11 and 60 to plant up to 5 trees per year; they claim to have planted 1 billion trees in the past 20 years. (Wikipedia Deforestation)Conclusion Global warming affects everyone; it has no boundaries. It is not intended to directly harm other cultures and peoples, but it inadvertently does through continually disregard for the environment. This disregard happens when nations become industrialized: more specifically – from burning fossil fuels and the deforestation process. But, we do have the power of choice. The citizens of the United States should step forward and assume responsibility. It is our duty to contribute to the reduction of global warming by regulating our CO2 emissions, and even becoming aware of our paper consumption.With the assist of other developed nations, we should be implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to deter our current pollution. These technologies might come at a high price. But, in the long run, it could reduce the costs and damages associated with the foreseeable climate change. Works Cited CIA World Factbook. â€Å"List of countries by GDP (PPP). † Wikipedia. 2006. 18 Sept. 2006 EPA. â€Å"Coastal Zones. † Environmental Protection Agency. Jan. 2000. 15 Sept. 2006 Greenpeace. â€Å"Going, Going, Gone?. † Greenpeace.July 2005. 13 Sept. 2006 Greenpeace. â€Å"Science. † Greenpeace. 2006. 14 Sept. 2006 Global Forest Watch. â€Å"Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests. † 2006. Global Forest Watch. 17 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 1. â€Å"Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere. † IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 2. â€Å"Comparison between GDP and CO2 emissions for selected countries. † Climate Change 2001 Synthesis Report 5-6. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 3. â€Å"Third Assessment Report – Climate Change 2001. † IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Climate Ch ange 2001: SPM: The Scientific Basis. † IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. â€Å"Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. † IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 Stix, Gary. â€Å"A climate Repair Manuel. † Scientific American Sept. 2006: 47. Suplee, Curt. â€Å"Unlocking the Climate. † National Geographic May 1998. 13 Sept. 2006 UNFCCC. â€Å"Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. † UNFCCC. 1998. 19 Sept. 2006 Wikipedia. â€Å"Deforestation. † Wikipedia. 2006. 19 Sept. 2006 Wikipedia. â€Å"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. † Wikipedia. 2006. 12 Sept. 2006

buy custom White Collar Criminal essay

buy custom White Collar Criminal essay Introduction This is the paper seeks to look into the high profile white collar criminal, Jeffrey skilling. Skilling was accused of many crimes including fraud, inside trading and crimes that were related to the collapse of Enron Corporation. He was found to be guilty of inside trading, conspiracy, making false statements to auditors and securities fraud. What sentence did Jeffrey Skillings initially receive? Jeffrey Skillings was sentenced to 24 years in prison at the initial sentence. He was sentenced for substantially jeopardizing the safety of a reputable financial institution. However, this was improper since there was no substantial evidence that Enron Corporation was a financial institution. The other initial sentenced that Jeffrey Skilings was sentenced for fraud, inside trading and crimes that were related to the collapse of Enron Corporation. He was sentenced in 2006 and is currently servicing a 24 year sentence for these charges. Jeffrey Skilling was sentenced and convicted on 19 to 28 counts of fraud and inside trading. He was not only sentenced to 24 years in prison but was also ordered to pay $630 million to the Government and a $ 180 fine on the same. A number of other employees pleaded guilty for the crimes committed at Enron Corporation and were found guilty and convicted for the crimes and giving false statements. Was this sentence appropriate for the crime or the harm done? This question has been asked by many people and answered by the same in different aspects but none of them seem to agree on whether or not the sentence was appropriate. Other people were in support of the sentence while others were against the sentence. According to many analyst, this sentence was an exaggeration or too much for such a petty crime. The indictments were basically on the fact that Stilling had probable knowledge of , and was likely involved with the fraudulent transactions with Enron Corporation. He was alleged to have sold shares with inside information on the status of Enron Corporation bankruptcy .Many people including Skillings attorneys protested against the in house court proceedings, citing that it would be an unfair trial but their protests fell on deaf ears. This is because an in house court sitting would not allow maximum media coverage. According to the wall street journal, on 17th June 2006, Skilling claimed that Enrons bankruptcy had affected him immensely to the extent of contemplating to commit suicide, he commented that the indictment had lifted his spirits and got him out of his depression. Many analysts wonder if this was true or simply a way to attract pity from the prosecution and judges. There are many aspects in this case that did not make sense, and many analysts wonder and ask if it was a fair trial. This is because most of Skillings requests were denied, including his request to remain free during the trial. This case was treated so harshly, it was worse that a murder trial. Many questions have emerged and many wonder if there was an underlying reason for such a harsh sentence apart from those that killings was initially accused of. This trial was not fair and the sentence was not appropriate for this crime at all. A sentence of 24 years and four months in prison for conspiracy, inside trading, making false statement to auditors and fraud is on the higher side. It was actually noted as serious frailties which ws not fair. However other analyst believes that this sentence was not enough for the crimes that Skillings committed, they suggest that the correct sentence would have been 35 years for all the 35 counts that he was accused of. They also attributed this sentence to Skillings wrong doing which needed maximum punishment. Jeffrey skilling was proved guilty for these crimes, which he denied being part of. The court proceedings were not fair on Skillings side. It was like attending a court that already knew the verdict before hearing of the case. The Government determined that the ruling was appropriate. Many readers and the people who carefully followed the Skilling case, found Skillings conviction ridiculous , they insisted that the punishment far outweighed the crimes that were committed. Some readers suggested that such a hard punishment was good in order to teach others like Skilling. Others actually thought that the sentence was too light and they suggested that for such a crime Skillings was better off getting a death penalty. However, the question is, does deception and corruption deserve a death penalty? How many people around the world are guilty of deception and corruption? Are they being sentenced for their crimes? Take for example; the politicians who are corrupt and deceptive? Have they ever been sentenced for this crime? It is therefore crystal clear that Skillings did not deserve such a conviction for a crime of corruption and deception. What was the outcome of the sentence in this case? In 2008, Jeffrey Skilling case was reviewed and quite a number of inconsistencies were discovered. The case was therefore reopened. Skillings attorneys argued that even if Skillings committed fraud or illegal financial misconduct, it was for the of purpose saving the company and he never profited from the gains. However, this approach provided a very narrow chance the killings original case ruling to be overturned. Analyst believe that Skillings only chance was to cite a court decision that threw out guilty verdicts of the three bankers that were accused of helping Skillings and Enron Corporation in committing the fraudulent activities. In 2010, the court of appeal finally agreed to listen to Skillings appeal on two controversial cases. The first case was based on the fraud statue title 18 of the United States code, section 1946.The main question that was put forward by Skillings defense team was on whether or not the honest servicerequred the Governments prove that was initially intended to achieve private gain. This simply means that the question was whether or not the Skillings involvement in the fraudulent activities of Enron Corporation was because of a honest service and not for private gain. The second argument was based on the issued on in house judging. The questions was how can we be satisfied that a fair jury was picked when the judge did not follow up when the witness said, am a victim of this crime?The Supreme Court made a ruling that saw the nullification of Skilling honest service fraud conviction. The court found that Skillings conviction had no grounds or justifications on bribe or kick back. The c ase was therefore ordered back to the lower courts for the review of the charges. Skillings defense team was however optimistic that the lower courts would have no option but to overturn the rulings. They were optimistic that soon Jeffrey Skilling would be a free man. That is yet to be seen, many peoplle, analyst and those who are affected by similar cases are patiently awaiting the final ruling of the lower courts. The ruling will defiantly set a precedent on all other similar cases. The case could however, take a turn for the worst if the lower case ruling does not over turn the judgment. In such a case analyst see a scenario that could mean or lead to a reduced charge of 15 to 20 years. Skillings defendants have stated that if this happens, they will be forced to go back to the appeal courts. This means that the sentenced was not completely reversed but was partially reversed on appeal. What is the comparison between the first outcomes of Skilling case to the fate of criminal defendants who were convicted? The United States court of appeal ruling will have a great impact and will greatly affect the fates of criminal defendants who are convicted. The high court will have to address the confusion on whether honest service will apply or will not apply. This case is more likely to be sent back to the circuit courts in order to reconsider. This hones stature argument will probably be used by many defenders and prosecutors on criminals who are convicted on the same grounds. The Supreme Court ruling simply said that the judgment of this case went too far. This could mean freedom for Jeffrey Skilling and many other criminal defendants who have been convicted on similar charges. This ruling has immensely compromised the main tool that is used by many prosecutors to go after corporate officials. However, many people including Skillings lawyers have seen this as a land mark victory. This is case will have a very big impact on other similar cases; the ruling will affect in a big way the rulings in other cases and the fate of criminal defendants who are convicted for the same. This case will end up disturbing and complicating the Governments practice of over criminalizing the conducts of those in the business sector that do not violate any criminal law to deserve such harsh treatments and convictions. The legality of the Skillings case will have an impact on the recipients and the participants in similar cases. In such a case the ruling will aid other rulings of similar nature until sustainable or alternative replacement a ruling is implemented. This ruling will provide information that cannot be obtained elsewhere. And the provisions of the information will guide the other cases to contribute to positive rulings on related fates of criminals who are convicted of the same. Therefore, the outcome of this case will contribute to positive, social and environmental change on the ability of Governments and other policy makers to make more careful decisions on such cases. This can be categorized as cause for supporting other outcomes of such cases. The outcome of this case is an inspiration to all other outcomes of other cases. All other similar cases will need to be assessed on the same level or at higher level but in the same precedent. Conclusion The first time the Jeffrey Skilling case was heard, majority of the newspapers read; Guilty! Guilty! Guilty! Jeffrey Skilling was actually convicted long before the case hearings began. Every one, every newspaper, every Television station convicted him. The deep wounds from the collapse of Enron Corporation affected the employees, the family and the friends of Jeffrey Skilling and continue to do so. His release or trial could release or retrial could cause outrage. Thus the case of Jeffrey Skilling of Enron will continue to draw interest, concern and other many reactions for many days or years to come. Buy custom White Collar Criminal essay

how technology affects my life essays

how technology affects my life essays Try imagining your life without technology. Without alarm clocks, refrigerators, computers, telephones and so on. It would be very different from what we are accustomed to today. The truth is, all of us rely on technology a great deal to get through the day. Whether it's at work, at home, or at school, I know my family depends greatly on technology. Without technology our lives would all be much different. My sisters and I use technology at school a lot. We are always on the computers doing research and typing papers. As a student, I am in web page design class where I use computers everyday. My sister Kelly is in her school's web club where she also uses the computers. At school, computers are not the only type of technology we use. At games we use the scoreboard. In math class, we use claculators and during some classes, we listen to books on tape or audio tests. I think that without technology, school would be much more difficult. At home we use technology a great deal. In order to wake up in the morning, we all depend on alarm clocks to wake us up. We have refrigerators to keep all of our food cold. We also use the computer a lot. We are always looking up things for school, talking to friends, or playing games. We use cell phones to keep in touch with everyone too. We use CD players to listen to our favortie music. And of course we use the televison to watch all of our favorite shows, and what's TV without a remote? We use that too. Technology is everywhere you look inside of my house and it helps us get through the day much easier. Technology affects my life in so many ways. It also affects the lives of other people such as the ones in my familyTechnology helps us so much and sometimes we take it for granted. I know that doing this essay has shown me not to take the technological advances we have today for granted becuase someone had to come up with those ideas. I am very thankful to all of the people for making my life ...

Marketing management for the service industry Lab Report - 1

Marketing management for the service industry - Lab Report Example As a result of its success especially in providing quality services in an environmental friendly manner, in addition its marketing strategy, a case study on the company is going to be analyzed, researched. An analysis will be offered in relations to the company’s services and marketing strategy. Banyan Tree Resorts (BTR) currently offers a wide array of facilities and services that can constitute to a luxury resort experience. This is much so when related to the prices they are offering and the type of market or clients that are targeted and access services. A luxurious resort experience contains a number of things ranging from the type of services, the quality of services, the price offered, type and quality of facilities available among others. In relation to this, the following discussions identifies the services and facilities at BTR and provides the justifications for the reasons why the two (services and facilities) constitute to a luxurious resort experience. The BTR resorts around Asia offer a variety of facilities that enhance the experience of clients to a whole new level. First and Foremost, the resort’s units are mostly constructed on natural environments that involve making minor adjustments such as including a few added artificial features or removing a few natural features. This is, when the units are constructed, it involves removing a few of natural aspects that might not provide a comfortable experience and at the same time, add a few artificial aspects such as electricity lighting among others. This in addition with the use of local furnishings created from local materials constitutes to a natural, peaceful, relaxing and enjoyable experience. The location and construction of the resort units is usually one of the key contributing factors of a luxurious resort experience that most hotels in crowded and noisy cities are unable to provide. This feature is in line with the company’s vision and mission of providing c lients with an

WACC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WACC - Essay Example On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and net present value, causing a negative net present value project to be accepted. If the project is a financing project, meaning that the cash flow at time 0 is positive and the cash flows in future periods are negative, overstating the WACC will result in understatement of future cash flows and overstatement of net present value, causing a negative net present value project to be accepted. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and understatement of net present value, causing a positive net present value project to be rejected. In the discounted payback period approach, WACC is used as the discount rate for deriving the present value of future cash flows if the investment is financed by both debt and equity. The investment is accepted if payback period of the investment is less than the cutoff time. Overstating the WACC will result in understatement of future cash flows and overstatement of payback period, causing a project that pay backs within the target payback period to be rejected. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and understatement of payback period, causing a project that pays back after the target payback period to be accepted. In the internal rate of return approach, WACC is used as the hurdle rate for deciding whether to accept the project. If the project is an investment project, the project is accepted if the internal rate of return exceeds WACC. If the project is a financing project, the project is accepted if the internal rate of return is smaller than WACC. If the project is an investment project, overstating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return smaller than the WACC and an acceptable project to be rejected. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return greater than the WACC and an unacceptable project to be accepted. If the project is a financing project, overstating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return smaller than the WACC and an unacceptable project to be accepted. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return greater than the WACC and an acceptable project to be rejected. In the profitability index approach, WACC is used as the discount rate for deriving the present value of future cash flows if the investment is financed by both debt and equity. The investment is accepted if ratio of the present value of the future cash flows divided by the amount of investment is greater than 1. Overstating profitability index, causing an acceptable investment to be rejected.

The drinking age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The drinking age - Research Paper Example In refute, if they have to illegally get alcohol, they aren’t mature enough to be drinking anyway; Not lowering the age goes against the Constitution that states that people are officially adults at the age of eighteen. In refute, the age limit exists to protect young, undeveloped people from accessing a harmful substance Conclusion: Proposals have been brought up that would educate and license young drinkers, though this would still go against keeping youngsters away from a substance they cannot handle; The drinking age should remain the same as it has already proven to be more effective at keeping people safe Argumentative Essay In 2010 in the United States, one person died approximately every hour as the result of an alcohol-impaired driver; of these drivers, nearly fifteen percent were under the legal drinking age of twenty-one (Bell). It has been in the works for many years to lower the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen, but many have fought against it.

Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar Essay

Dreams Do Come True :: Personal Narrative Writing

Dreams Do Come True Dreams do come true. Everyone in their life has a dream or two or three. Finding the way to achieve your dreams, goals, and aspirations is an epic journey on its own. It takes discipline, determination, and self -exploration. This is the tale of the journey I am still currently on. As a child I always wanted to be in the spotlight. I was always the ham in family pictures, the one who had to excel past my brother, and be in the know of everything. When I was about twelve years old, I realized that entertaining people was what I was all about. Since I wasn’t any good at telling the jokes around the campfire or singing acappella, I thought about trying my dance skills. I liked dancing and I have always enjoyed music videos like Janet Jackson’s â€Å"Miss you much†, so I thought why not? What did I have to lose? With the support of my parents, particularly my mom, I went for the gusto. Like any first experience we remember all the details of the event. I remember my first dance class at J in Jazz Dance Studio. I was under the instruction of Julie Pederson who was one of the young faces in my little town of Sierra Vista. I was thirteen and thought that the class was awesome. Now if you are under the impression that I was great the first time around you are wrong. I was the one goofy awkward kid who was there having fun. Julie thought that I would be gone by the end of three months because I couldn’t hack it. She was just glad that I was there having fun and being a good student. According to some experts, since I started after the age of ten I was not supposed to be any good. Just six months after starting, something somewhere happened to both me and my dance ability. I was put on the competition/performance team, and then I just kept excelling from there. Every year or two, I was put on a higher more difficult team. Dreams Do Come True :: Personal Narrative Writing Dreams Do Come True Dreams do come true. Everyone in their life has a dream or two or three. Finding the way to achieve your dreams, goals, and aspirations is an epic journey on its own. It takes discipline, determination, and self -exploration. This is the tale of the journey I am still currently on. As a child I always wanted to be in the spotlight. I was always the ham in family pictures, the one who had to excel past my brother, and be in the know of everything. When I was about twelve years old, I realized that entertaining people was what I was all about. Since I wasn’t any good at telling the jokes around the campfire or singing acappella, I thought about trying my dance skills. I liked dancing and I have always enjoyed music videos like Janet Jackson’s â€Å"Miss you much†, so I thought why not? What did I have to lose? With the support of my parents, particularly my mom, I went for the gusto. Like any first experience we remember all the details of the event. I remember my first dance class at J in Jazz Dance Studio. I was under the instruction of Julie Pederson who was one of the young faces in my little town of Sierra Vista. I was thirteen and thought that the class was awesome. Now if you are under the impression that I was great the first time around you are wrong. I was the one goofy awkward kid who was there having fun. Julie thought that I would be gone by the end of three months because I couldn’t hack it. She was just glad that I was there having fun and being a good student. According to some experts, since I started after the age of ten I was not supposed to be any good. Just six months after starting, something somewhere happened to both me and my dance ability. I was put on the competition/performance team, and then I just kept excelling from there. Every year or two, I was put on a higher more difficult team.

St. Johns Wort As A Treatment For Depression: Herbal Healer or Ineffec

St. John's Wort As A Treatment For Depression: Herbal Healer or Ineffective Alternative? This country has its share of major health issues, and Depression has remained a prominent one. With a prevalence rate of one in twenty suffering from this psychological disease in the US, (1) it is no wonder that many varying treatment options now exist for sufferers. The most common approach to treating Depression is with some form of psychotherapy coupled with prescription drugs. However, this traditional course of treatment now has the so called 'alternative' approaches to contend with. One such alternative therapy is Hypericum, an herb that is more commonly known as St. John's Wort. There is a bubbling debate between believers in the herbal treatment and non-believers (comprised mostly of doctors and researchers) who think St. John's Wort does nothing for Depression. From both sides of the debate, however, there have been some interesting findings. There is a common understanding that St. John's Wort was named after John the Baptist. Hypericum perforatum is its Latin name. St. John's Wort is a naturally occurring plant characterized by its black-spotted yellow flowers. Historically it has been hailed as an effective treatment for an array of ailments, including digestive disorders, lung ailments, skin abrasions, and as a general inducer of state of 'well being'. From its supporting side, the argument is that St. John's Wort should be treated as comparable to prescription antidepressants and as just another available option for the millions who are depressed in this country. Supporters often site the fact that German doctors endorse millions of doses of the herb daily, and elsewhere in Europe, the medical community readily ack... ...cription", mixing herbs with prescription drugs For More Information: http://my.webmd.com/content/article/13/1668_50209 7) Newsweek article "A Natural Mood Booster", treating Depression with St. John's Wort http://www.iherb.com/iherb/newmay519nat.html 8) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), "Information About St. John's Wort" page http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/stjohnswort.cfm 9) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , St. John's Wort Fact Sheet http://nccam.nih.gov/nccam/fcp/factsheets/stjohnswort/stjohnswort.htm 10) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , St. John's Wort Q & A http://nccam.nih.gov/ne/press-releases/stjohnswort/q-and-a.htm 11) Health World Online , index of articles on Depression and herbal remedies http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/condition.asp?ConditionId=90

Humanae Vitae Reflection Essay

Humanae Vitae – Encyclical Letter on the regulation of birth As a Roman Catholic, I have been raised to believe what the Church has taught for centuries. As we are living in Humanae Vitae, surely challenges will arise for some people in today’s society when they read this text. Although I had difficulty seeing one statement noted in the text the way in which the Church had, I found myself agreeing with the Pope in the problems presented in terms of today’s society. Beginning with the â€Å"problem and competency of the magisterium,† Pope Paul writes at the start of the document, â€Å"†But the most remarkable development of all is to be seen in man’s stupendous progress in the domination and rational organization of the forces of nature to the point that he is endeavoring to extend this control over every aspect of his own life — over his body, over his mind and emotions, over his social life, and even over the laws that regulate the transmission of life† (n. 2). Although Human life did come from God, belongs to God, and goes back to God, I believe that we are our â€Å"own† spirits, and that we were created with choices, including the fact that we in a sense control our realities that make up the way we live our lives and the things we do on a daily basis. I do not believe it is an illusion as Pope is suggesting and further more do not believe we are bought at a price from God – although in a sense, the choices in which God gives us are the prices â€Å"we pay† to live the life in which we were granted, it is up to us as individuals. Forward looking, as the new question of â€Å"principle of totality† comes into play, I believe that the problem of sex in society today, or perhaps the way in which the younger generations view sex, is flawed. I agree that sexual activity in which Pope Paul was writing that it is wrong to diminish its message and that it does belong to the context of committed love, sealed by marriage and openness to life because it is the greatest reflection and reasoning to which the gift of sexuality was given to us. Furthermore, I wholeheartedly believe in the doctrinal principles in section II that present â€Å"a wholistic vision of man† (n. 7). The underlying joints to a faithful life are chastity and marriage, demanding â€Å"conjugal love, responsible parenthood, and conformity to the creative intention and design of God† are clear. In the section of Consequences of Artificial Methods, I gree that in limens terms, how easily using birth control and other artificial methods could open the door to marital infidelity and a lowering of moral standards, especially our generation. Today, sex has become a part of the American society that has led the young to be easily swayed in believing and succumbing to various forms of temptations, including pre-marital sex. I think a large part in this is the way in which you are raised, the kids in which you surrounded yourself with, and how much influence parental figures had in their children’s sex lives. It is consistent in the opinion of the encyclical letter that not much experience is needed to be aware of and understanding human beings and that the young need to be taught early on to not sway from the â€Å"moral law. † Instead, they need â€Å"incentives† to keep the moral law because temptation is everywhere, and without supervision and someone to be there as a guardian, I believe the child is more apt to fall victim to such evils, which could potentially have dire consequences as they move into their adult life. Another powerful statement in which I fully agree with has to do with a man who gets accustomed to the use of contraceptive methods may forget â€Å"the reverence due to a woman† and disregard her physical and emotional equilibrium, reducing her to an instrument for the satisfaction of his own desires, no longer considering her as his partner whom he should surround with care and affection. In my opinion, these are very warranted and strong, loaded statements. My reasoning is that, again, I feel like younger generations of men were not raised with the same level of respect for the way in which to treat their female peers. This I contribute to a number of factors, including the media of today’s society and the parenting of the child’s adolescence. However, I believe simply because a woman uses contraceptives does not entitle the man to view the woman any differently. Rather, I believe that the man is aware of the way in which he treats women, or in other words, that he either respect women physically and emotionally entirely, or he does not. And from that point, if he does not, that man could then use contraceptives as a â€Å"tool† in a sense to further his selfishness. I think a good reasoning behind this may come also from the way in which the boy was raised and the way in which he was brought up to view women. For example, if a young boy was raised with a father who abused his mother, he may take either extremes depending on the way it effected him: A, the boy could despise his father for what he did to his mother and swear that he will always respect women and never be like his father, or B, he could revert to his father’s ways and treat future women with the disrespect that was taught by his dad. Either way, I believe it is not where you come from, it is what you do with your situation and I believe faith can have a lot of encouragement in that. In summary, a good concluding statement found in the Encylical Letter about the authority and responsibility of the Church to always declare the truth is powerfully presented in n. 18: She does not, because of this, evade the duty imposed on her of proclaiming humbly but firmly the entire moral law, both natural and evangelical. Since the Church did not make either of these laws, she cannot be their arbiter—only their guardian and interpreter. It could never be right for her to declare lawful what is in fact unlawful, since that, by its very nature, is always opposed to the true good of man. With that said, I believe having faith in today’s society can yield a better life for everyone who opens their mind to a new way of thinking. Yet, although with today’s influences and high paced life, living a faithful life may not be easy, it is rewarding and purifying. The views of the Church keep you grounded as it reminds you to fulfill your blessings given to you by God.

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Example

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Example Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Factors and Hazards of Infant Development There are many factors and hazards in the world that can influence an infants development even before birth. Because there are so many of them it is hard to choose which ones are the most important to remember or understand. I believe that drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and or doing drugs during pregnancy can be hazardous to the infant’s development. Alcohol during pregnancy I believe is one of the biggest hazards to a fetus. Drinking can put the mother and fetus at risk for several things. For example: miscarriages, stillbirths, premature infants, and low-birth-weight infants (Marotz Allen 2013). When a woman is drinking on a regular basis it limits her dietary intake that both she and the fetus need to grow. Drinking during pregnancy can also have an effect on fetal development. Alcohol stays in the circulatory twice as long in a fetus than it does in the mother. This can cause the most damage to the fetus during the first trimester when body structures and organs are forming, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Another hazard during pregnancy I believe that has an effect on the fetus is smoking. Smoking along with alcohol crosses the placental barrier and interferes with fetal development. While smoking the oxygen available to the fetus is decreased by the carbon monoxide. Also with smoking a women can experience miscarriages, stillbirths, premature infants, and low-birth-weight infants (Marotz Allen 2013). Women who smoke during pregnancy, â€Å"their babies are also at higher risk for developing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and a range of acute and chronic respiratory problems (Marotz Allen, 2013, p. 59). † The last hazard that I believe should be talked more to women who are pregnant or wish to become pregnant are chemicals and drugs. This ranges from prescription and nonprescription, to pesticides, fertilizer and street drugs. Here is a list of just some of the chemicals or drugs: Cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone Nicotine Diet pills Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Hormones and many more (Marotz Allen, 2013, p. 60). Some can cause severe malformation while others can lead to fetal death, premature birth, or lifelong behavior and learning disabilities. I choose these three hazards to inform more people about because I know the personal the effects it has on an unborn infant. When my mother was pregnant with me she did not choose to take care of herself like she shou ld. She drank, smoked and did nonprescription drugs and street drugs. I formed correctly structurally wise but my brain did not. I have Dyslexia. Dyslexia is a learning disability that causes the brain to interpret information differently. I hope woman that are pregnant or want to become pregnant choose not to drink, smoke, or do drugs so they can have the best possible fetal development they can have. References Marotz, L R. Allen, K. (2013). Developmental Profiles Pre-Birth through Adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.